យល់ដឹងពីកាយវិភាគវិទ្យា

ប្រព័ន្ធគ្រោងឆ្អឹង

ប្រព័ន្ធគ្រោងឆ្អឹងត្រូវបានផ្សំឡើងដោយឆ្អឹង សន្លាក់ និងរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធពាក់ព័ន្ធជាច្រើន។ នេះគឺជាបញ្ជីពេញលេញនៃធាតុផ្សំសំខាន់ៗនៃប្រព័ន្ធគ្រោងឆ្អឹង៖

1. Skull:
   • Cranium (skullcap)
   • Facial bones
2. Vertebral Column (Spine):
   • Cervical vertebrae (neck region)
   • Thoracic vertebrae (upper back region)
   • Lumbar vertebrae (lower back region)
   • Sacrum
   • Coccyx (tailbone)
3. Ribcage:
   • Sternum (breastbone)
   • Ribs (12 pairs)
4. Upper Extremities:
   • Clavicles (collarbones)
   • Scapulae (shoulder blades)
   • Humerus (upper arm bone)
   • Radius and ulna (forearm bones)
   • Carpals (wrist bones)
   • Metacarpals (palm bones)
   • Phalanges (finger bones)
5. Pelvic Girdle:
   • Pelvis (hip bones)
6. Lower Extremities:
   • Femur (thigh bone)
   • Patella (kneecap)
   • Tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
   • Tarsals (ankle bones)
   • Metatarsals (foot bones)
   • Phalanges (toe bones)

ប្រព័ន្ធសាច់ដុំ

The muscular system consists of various muscles that enable movement, support the body, and assist in bodily functions. Here is an exhaustive list of the major muscles in the human body:

1. Head and Neck Muscles:
   • Temporalis
   • Masseter
   • Sternocleidomastoid
   • Trapezius
   • Frontalis
   • Orbicularis oculi
   • Orbicularis oris
2. Upper Extremity Muscles:
   • Deltoid
   • Biceps brachii
   • Triceps brachii
   • Brachialis
   • Brachioradialis
   • Flexor carpi radialis
   • Extensor carpi radialis
   • Flexor digitorum superficialis
   • Extensor digitorum
   • Pronator teres
   • Supinator
3. Trunk Muscles:
   • Rectus abdominis
   • External oblique
   • Internal oblique
   • Transversus abdominis
   • Erector spinae (group of muscles along the spine)
   • Quadratus lumborum
   • Diaphragm
   • Intercostal muscles
4. Lower Extremity Muscles:
   • Gluteus maximus
   • Gluteus medius
   • Hamstrings (consisting of biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)
   • Quadriceps (consisting of rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)
   • Gastrocnemius
   • Soleus
   • Tibialis anterior
   • Peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus)
5. Other Muscles:
   • Pectoralis major
   • Latissimus dorsi
   • Serratus anterior
   • Supraspinatus
   • Infraspinatus
   • Teres major
   • Teres minor
   • Adductor muscles (group of muscles on the inner thigh)
   • Abductor muscles (group of muscles on the outer hip)

This list provides an extensive overview of the major muscles in the human body. However, it’s important to note that there are numerous smaller muscles and muscle groups throughout the body that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធ​ប្រសាទ

The nervous system is a complex network of cells and tissues that enables communication and coordination within the body. It can be divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here is an exhaustive list of the components of the nervous system:

Central Nervous System (CNS):

1. Brain:
   • Cerebrum
   • Frontal lobe
   • Parietal lobe
   • Temporal lobe
   • Occipital lobe
   • Cerebellum
   • Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
2. Spinal Cord:
   • Cervical region
   • Thoracic region
   • Lumbar region
   • Sacral region
   • Coccygeal region

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

1. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs):
   • Olfactory nerve (I)
   • Optic nerve (II)
   • Oculomotor nerve (III)
   • Trochlear nerve (IV)
   • Trigeminal nerve (V)
   • Abducens nerve (VI)
   • Facial nerve (VII)
   • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
   • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
   • Vagus nerve (X)
   • Accessory nerve (XI)
   • Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
2. Spinal Nerves (31 pairs):
   • Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
   • Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
   • Lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
   • Sacral nerves (S1-S5)
   • Coccygeal nerve (Co1)
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
   • Sympathetic nervous system
   • Parasympathetic nervous system
4. Ganglia:
   • Sensory ganglia (e.g., dorsal root ganglia)
   • Autonomic ganglia
5. Nerve Plexuses:
   • Cervical plexus
   • Brachial plexus
   • Lumbar plexus
   • Sacral plexus
6. Nerve Endings:
   • Motor endplates
   • Sensory receptors (e.g., mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors)

This list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the nervous system. However, it’s important to note that there are various substructures, smaller nerves, and specialized regions within the nervous system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធ​សរសៃឈាម​បេះដូង

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is responsible for the transport of blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of the following components:

1. Heart:
   • Right atrium
   • Right ventricle
   • Left atrium
   • Left ventricle
   • Valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic)
2. Blood Vessels:
   • Arteries:
     • Aorta
     • Pulmonary arteries
     • Coronary arteries
     • Systemic arteries
   • Arterioles
   • Capillaries
   • Venules
   • Veins:
     • Superior vena cava
     • Inferior vena cava
     • Pulmonary veins
     • Systemic veins
3. Blood:
   • Plasma
   • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
   • White blood cells (leukocytes)
   • Platelets (thrombocytes)
4. Lymphatic System (part of the circulatory system):
   • Lymphatic vessels
   • Lymph nodes
   • Lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)
5. Other Structures:
   • Sinoatrial (SA) node
   • Atrioventricular (AV) node
   • Bundle of His
   • Purkinje fibers

The cardiovascular system works to ensure the circulation of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to all parts of the body. It plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and supporting various bodily functions.

Please note that this list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the cardiovascular system. However, there are additional smaller blood vessels, specialized structures, and regions within the system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធផ្លូវដង្ហើម

The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. It involves several components that work together to facilitate breathing and gas exchange. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the respiratory system:

1. Nasal Cavity:
   • Nostrils (nares)
   • Nasal septum
   • Nasal conchae
   • Olfactory receptors
2. Pharynx (Throat):
   • Nasopharynx
   • Oropharynx
   • Laryngopharynx
3. Larynx (Voice Box):
   • Epiglottis
   • Vocal cords
4. Trachea (Windpipe):
   • Cartilaginous rings
5. Bronchial Tree:
   • Primary bronchi
   • Secondary bronchi
   • Tertiary bronchi
   • Bronchioles
   • Terminal bronchioles
6. Lungs:
   • Right lung (with three lobes)
   • Left lung (with two lobes)
   • Bronchial branches
   • Alveoli (air sacs)
7. Diaphragm:
   • Dome-shaped muscle involved in breathing
8. Pleura:
   • Visceral pleura (covers the lungs)
   • Parietal pleura (lines the thoracic cavity)
9. Respiratory Muscles:
   • External intercostal muscles
   • Internal intercostal muscles
   • Diaphragm (mentioned above)
10. Other Structures:
    • Alveolar sacs
    • Surfactant-producing cells
    • Pulmonary capillaries

These components collectively enable the process of respiration, including inhalation and exhalation. It’s important to note that there are additional smaller structures and specialized cells within the respiratory system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធ​រំលាយ​អាហារ

The digestive system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food, as well as the elimination of waste. It involves several organs and structures that work together to facilitate the process of digestion. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the digestive system:

1. Mouth:
   • Teeth
   • Tongue
   • Salivary glands
   • Saliva
2. Pharynx (Throat)
3. Esophagus (Food Pipe)
4. Stomach:
   • Gastric glands
   • Hydrochloric acid
   • Pepsin
5. Small Intestine:
   • Duodenum
   • Jejunum
   • Ileum
   • Intestinal villi
   • Microvilli
   • Intestinal glands
6. Liver:
   • Hepatic lobes
   • Hepatic portal system
   • Bile production and secretion
7. Gallbladder:
   • Stores and concentrates bile
8. Pancreas:
   • Pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases)
   • Insulin and glucagon secretion
9. Large Intestine (Colon):
   • Cecum
   • Ascending colon
   • Transverse colon
   • Descending colon
   • Sigmoid colon
   • Rectum
10. Rectum:
    • Stores feces
11. Anus:
    • External opening for waste elimination
12. Appendix

Additionally, the digestive system involves various blood vessels, nerves, and hormones that regulate digestion and nutrient absorption.

This list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the digestive system. However, there are additional smaller structures, specialized cells, and functions within the system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធទឹកនោម

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine, as well as the regulation of fluid balance and waste removal from the body. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the urinary system:

1. Kidneys:
   • Renal cortex
   • Renal medulla
   • Renal pyramids
   • Renal pelvis
   • Nephrons (functional units of the kidneys)
   • Renal arteries and veins
2. Ureters:
   • Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
3. Bladder:
   • Hollow muscular organ that stores urine
4. Urethra:
   • Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
5. Urinary sphincters:
   • Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control)
   • External urethral sphincter (voluntary control)
6. Other Structures:
   • Renal arteries and veins
   • Renal capsule
   • Renal hilum
   • Renal calyces
   • Urethral meatus

The urinary system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and the excretion of metabolic waste products from the body. It works closely with the circulatory system and other bodily systems to regulate overall homeostasis.

This list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the urinary system. However, there are additional smaller structures, specialized cells, and functions within the system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធ​បន្ត​ពូជ

The reproductive system is responsible for the production of offspring and includes both male and female reproductive organs. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the reproductive system:

Male Reproductive System:

1. Testes:
   • Seminiferous tubules (produce sperm)
   • Interstitial cells (produce testosterone)
2. Epididymis:
   • Stores and matures sperm
3. Vas deferens:
   • Transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
4. Ejaculatory Duct:
   • Receives sperm from the vas deferens
5. Urethra:
   • Passageway for semen and urine
6. Seminal Vesicles:
   • Produces seminal fluid (contains fructose and other substances)
7. Prostate Gland:
   • Produces prostatic fluid (alkaline secretion)
8. Bulbourethral Glands:
   • Produces pre-ejaculatory fluid
9. Penis:
   • Organ of copulation and urination

Female Reproductive System:

1. Ovaries:
   • Produce eggs (ova)
   • Produce estrogen and progesterone
2. Fallopian Tubes:
   • Site of fertilization
   • Transports the egg to the uterus
3. Uterus:
   • Site of embryo implantation and fetal development
4. Cervix:
   • Opening of the uterus into the vagina
5. Vagina:
   • Organ of copulation and birth canal
6. Labia:
   • Labia majora (outer lips)
   • Labia minora (inner lips)
7. Clitoris:
   • Sensory organ involved in sexual pleasure
8. Mammary Glands (Breasts):
   • Produce milk for breastfeeding
9. Skene’s Glands:
   • Secretes fluid that lubricates the urethral opening
10. Bartholin’s Glands:
    • Secretes fluid that lubricates the vaginal opening

The reproductive system plays a vital role in human reproduction and the perpetuation of the species. It involves complex processes of gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Please note that this list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the reproductive system. However, there are additional smaller structures, hormonal interactions, and physiological processes within the system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធសំបកក្រៅ

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. It serves as a protective barrier for the body and is involved in temperature regulation, sensation, and the synthesis of vitamin D. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the integumentary system:

1. Skin:
   • Epidermis (outermost layer)
   • Dermis (middle layer)
   • Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
2. Hair:
   • Hair follicles
   • Hair shaft
   • Hair bulb
   • Arrector pili muscles (responsible for hair erection)
3. Nails:
   • Nail plate
   • Nail bed
   • Lunula
   • Cuticle
4. Sebaceous Glands:
   • Sebum production (oily substance)
5. Sweat Glands:
   • Eccrine glands (produce sweat for temperature regulation)
   • Apocrine glands (produce sweat in response to stress or emotional stimuli)
6. Sensory Receptors:
   • Meissner’s corpuscles (light touch)
   • Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure and vibration)
   • Free nerve endings (pain and temperature sensation)
7. Subcutaneous Fat:
   • Layer of fat beneath the skin, providing insulation and energy storage
8. Melanocytes:
   • Pigment-producing cells responsible for skin color
9. Blood Vessels:
   • Blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the skin
10. Lymphatic Vessels:
    • Vessels that help with immune function and fluid balance

The integumentary system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from external threats, regulating body temperature, and providing sensory information about the environment. It also contributes to the aesthetic appearance of an individual.

Please note that this list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the integumentary system. However, there are additional specialized cells, structures, and functions within the system that may not be included in this concise list.

ប្រព័ន្ធអន្តោមញ្ច័ន (ពាក់ព័ន្ធក្រលៀន)

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce and secrete hormones, which regulate various processes and functions in the body. Here is an exhaustive list of the major components of the endocrine system:

1. Hypothalamus:
   • Produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland
2. Pituitary Gland:
   • Anterior pituitary:
     • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
     • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
     • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
     • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
     • Prolactin
     • Growth hormone (GH)
     • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
   • Posterior pituitary:
     • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
     • Oxytocin
3. Thyroid Gland:
   • Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
   • Calcitonin
4. Parathyroid Glands:
   • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
5. Adrenal Glands:
   • Adrenal cortex:
     • Cortisol
     • Aldosterone
     • Androgens
   • Adrenal medulla:
     • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
     • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
6. Pancreas:
   • Insulin
   • Glucagon
   • Somatostatin
7. Pineal Gland:
   • Melatonin
8. Thymus:
   • Thymosin
9. Gonads (Testes in males, Ovaries in females):
   • Testes:
     • Testosterone
     • Inhibin
   • Ovaries:
     • Estrogen
     • Progesterone
     • Inhibin
10. Placenta (during pregnancy):
    • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
    • Estrogen
    • Progesterone
11. Other Hormone-Producing Tissues:
    • Adipose tissue (produces leptin)
    • Stomach (produces ghrelin)
    • Kidneys (produces erythropoietin and renin)
    • Heart (produces atrial natriuretic peptide)

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act as chemical messengers, influencing the function of target cells and organs.

Please note that this list provides an extensive overview of the major components of the endocrine system. However, there are additional hormones, glands, and specialized cells within the system that may not be included in this concise list.